Which groups include Fungi, Bacteria, Virus, Nematodes as disease agents?

Which groups include Fungi, Bacteria, Virus, Nematodes as disease agents?

• A. Abiotic
• B. Non-living (Abiotic)
• C. Living (Biotic)
• D. Chemical Agents

Answer: (C)

Biotic factors are living organisms that cause disease. Fungi, bacteria, nematodes are classic living pathogens, and viruses, though tiny and non-cellular, are treated as biotic disease agents in plant health contexts because they reproduce and cause disease inside living hosts. Abiotic factors are non-living influences like drought, salinity, or temperature stress, and chemical agents are toxins or chemicals that injure plants rather than living organisms. Since these agents are all living or function as biological pathogens, the best fit is Living (Biotic).

Biotic factors are living organisms that cause disease. Fungi, bacteria, nematodes are classic living pathogens, and viruses, though tiny and non-cellular, are treated as biotic disease agents in plant health contexts because they reproduce and cause disease inside living hosts. Abiotic factors are non-living influences like drought, salinity, or temperature stress, and chemical agents are toxins or chemicals that injure plants rather than living organisms. Since these agents are all living or function as biological pathogens, the best fit is Living (Biotic).